• Document from an Internet Site
• An Entire Internet Site
• Work from a Library Subscription Service (Database)
• An Online Book (eBook) from NetLibrary or eBrary

• Articles in Print
  
  Article in a Scholarly Journal
• Article in a Newspaper
• Article in a Magazine

Books in Print

• Book with a Single Author
• Book with Multiple Authors or Editors
• Reference Book
• Article in a Reference Book
• Anthology or Compilation
• Work in an Anthology or Compilation

Other Sources

• Television Program
• Sound Recording
• Film or Video Recording
• Interview (email, phone, or in person)

Examples of Reference List Entries:

An internet site with personal author and publication day & year:
Richer, S. (2005, July 26). Baseball dream lives on.
     Retrieved July 26, 2005 from http://www.theglobe
     andmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20050726.
     wxpitcher0726/BNStory/Sports/

An internet site with corporate author and publication day & year:
Human Rights Watch. (2005, July 8). Venezuela: Court orders
      trial of civil society leaders. Retrieved July 26, 2005 from
      http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2005/07/08/venezu11299.htm

An internet site with no publication date. The "n.d." is the abbreviation for no date.:
Janson, L.K. (n.d.). Video game sales go through the roof.
     Retrieved July 18 2005 from http://www.videosales.com
     /fun/roof/2005.html

An internet site with no author and year of publication:
Basketball fans do all the winning. (2004). Retrieved from
     http://www.sportfantastic.com/sillyfans/fun.htm

An Internet article based on a print source, with multiple authors:
Bar-Ilan, J., Peritz, B.C., & Wolman, Y. (2005). A survey on the
     use of electronic databases and electronic journals
      accessed through the web by the academic staff of Israeli
     universities [Electronic version]. Journal of Academic
     Librarians, 29, 346-359.
Note: The "29" indicates the volume number.

Examples of In-Text Citations:

An internet site with a personal authorand an exact publication date: (Richer, 2005, July 26)

An internet site with a corporate author and an exact publication date:
(Human Rights Watch, 2005, July 8)

An internet site with no publication date. The "n.d." is the abbreviation for no date.: (Janson, n.d.)

An internet site with no author and a year-only publication date: (Baseball fans, 2004)

An Internet article based on a print source, with multiple authors: (Bar-Ilan, Peritz, & Wolman, 2005)

Examples of Works Cited Entries:

An internet site with personal author and publication day & year:
Richer, Susan. "Baseball Dream Lives On."
     The Globe and Mail.com The Globe and Mail. 26 July 2005. Web.
     26 July, 2006. 

An internet site with no personal author:
"Venezuela: Court Orders Trial of Civil Society
     Leaders." HRW.org. Human Rights Watch. 8 July 2005. Web. 
     26 July 2005.

An internet site with no publication date. The "n.d." is the abbreviation for no date.:
Janson, Leslie K. "Video Game Sales Go Through
     the Roof." VideoSales.com. n.d. Web. 18 July 2005. 
    

Note: In MLA website citations the first date is the publication date and the second date is the date that you viewed the page.

Examples of In-Text Citations:

An internet site with personal author and publication day & year: (Richer, para. 3) Note: When no page number is give, indicate the paragraph number.

An internet site with no personal author: ("Venezuela" 2) Note: The "2" indicates the page number.

Example of Bibliography Entry:

"Don't Mess with Texas Marines." Marine Corps
     Moms, 27 January 2005, accessed 4 August
     2005 . Internet online. Available from
     http://marinecorpsmoms.com/archives/2005
     /01/dont_mess_with_texas_marines.html.

Note: If the article has a personal author, include the author first before the title of the web article (e.g. Samson, Jason).

Example of Note:

     "Don't Mess with Texas Marines" (Marine Corps 
Moms, 27 January 2005, accessed 4 August 2005)
[internet online]; available from http://marinecorpsmoms.com/
archives/2005/01/dont_mess_with_texas_marines.html.

APA does not provide a recommendation for citing an entire internet site. Please see above for formats for a variety of internet pages.

Example of Works Cited Entry:

History Channel.com. History Channel. 2005. Web. 28 July 2005.
     

Turabian does not provide a recommendation for citing an entire internet site. Please see above for the format for individual internet pages.

Example of Reference List Entry for a Journal Article (Follow similar pattern for other types of sources.):

Borman, W.C. & Hanson, M.A. (1993). Role of early
     supervisory experience in supervisor performance.
      Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 443-449.
     Retrieved July 25, 2005 from PsychARTICLES
     database.

Example of In-Text Citation: (Borman & Hanson, 1993)

Example of a Works Cited Entry for a Journal Article:

Borman, William C. and Michael A. Hanson "Role of
     Early Supervisory Experience in Supervisor
     Performance." Journal of Applied Psychology 78
     (1995): 21-42. Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 28 July 2005. 
    

Example of an In-Text Citation: (Borman & Hanson 23) Note: The "23" indicates the page number.

Examples of Bibliography Entry:

Borman, William C. and Michael A. Hanson.
     "Role of Early Supervisory Experience in
     Supervisor Performance." Journal of Applied
     Psychology 78 (1995). Expanded Academic
     ASAP.

Example of Note:

     William C. Borman and Michael A. Hanson,
"The Role of Early Supervisory Experience in
Supervisor Performance," Journal of Applied
Psychology 78 (1995). Expanded Academic ASAP.

Example of Reference List Entry:

Zuriff, G.E. (1985). Behaviorism: A conceptual
     reconstruction. New York: Columbia University.
     Retrieved August 8, 2005, from NetLibrary database.

Example of In-Text Citation: For examples see In-Text APA Guide

Example of Works Cited Entry:

Zuriff, George Eliott. Behaviorism: A Conceptual
     Reconstruction. New York: Columbia University,
     1985. NetLibrary. Web. 8 August 2005. 
    

Example of In-Text Citation: (Zuriff 187) Note: The "187" indicates the page number.

Example of Bibliography Entry:

Colletti, Jermone and Mary S. Fiss. Compensating
     New Sales Roles : How to Design Rewards That
     Work in Today's Selling Environment.
     New York: AMACOM Books, 1999. Netlibrary.

Example of Note:

     Jerome Coletti and Mary S. Fiss. Compensating
New Sales Roles : How to Design Rewards That Work
in Today's Selling Environment (New York: AMACOM
Books, 1999), Netlibrary.

Example of Reference List Entry:

Up to Six Authors:

Valderrabano, V., Perren, T., Ryf, C., Rillmann, P.
     & Hintermann, B. (2005). Snowboarder's talus
     fracture: treatment outcome of 20 cases after
     3.5 years. American Journal of Sports Medicine,
     33, 871-882.

Notes:

• if more than six authors, include up to six and end the list with "et al."
• if journal is not continuously paginated, include issue number in parenthesis following volume number. In the example above "33" is the volume number.

Example of In-Text Citation: (Valderrabona, Perren, Rye, Rillman, & Hinterman, 2005)

Example of a Works Cited Entry:

Up to Three Authors:

Saini, Amit and Jean L Johnson. "Organizational
     Capabilities in E-commerce: An Empirical
     Investigation of E-brokerage Service Providers."
     Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 33 (1995),
     360-375. Print.

Notes:

• The "33" indicates the volume number. If the volume has issues that are individually paginated, indicate the issue number as follows for volume 33, issue 3: 33.3.
• The "360-375" indicates the pages on which the article may be found.
• If an article has more than three authors, incluse the first author and at "et al," (and others).

Example of an In-Text Citation: (Saini and Johnson 367) Note: The "367" is the page number.

Examples of Bibliography Entry:

Jackson, Richard. "Running Down the
     Up-Escalator: Regional Inequality in
     Papua New Guinea" Australian Geographer
     14 (May 1979): 175-84.

Note: The "14" indicates the volume number.

Example of Note:

     Richard Jackson, "Running Down the Up-Escalator:
Regional Inequality in Papua New Guinea," Australian
Geographer 14 (May 1979): 180.

Example of Reference List Entry:

Newspaper article with no author:

Council honors Navy seal who died. (2005, July 27).
     The Boston Globe, p. B2.

Newspaper article with author:

Savage, C, (July 26, 2005). Put cleared detainees
     in a hotel, lawyer says. The Boston Globe, p. A1.

Examples of In-Text Citations:

Newspaper article with no author: (Council honors Navy Seal, 2005)

Newspaper article with author: (Savage, 2005)

Example of Works Cited Entry:

Newpaper article with no author:

"Council Honors Navy Seal Who Died."
     The Boston Globe 27 June 2005: B2. Print.

Newpaper article with author:

Savage, Charles K. "Put Cleared Detainees
     in Hotel, Lawyer Says." The Boston Globe
     26 July 2005: A1. Print.

Examples of In-Text Citations: ("Council Honors" B2), and (Savage A1) Note: The "B2 and "A1" indicate the page numbers.

Note Regarding Newspaper Articles in Bibliographies:

Turabian does not recommend including individual newspaper articles in a bibliography. If a newspaper is cited only once or twice a note in the text is all that is required.

Example of Note:

Boston Globe, 28 July 2006

Note: If city name is not obvious from title, it should be included in parantheses following the title and before the date of the article.

Example of Reference List Entry:

Unsigned article:

Meet the Napster: Shawn Fanning was 18 when
     he wrote the code that changed the world. His fate,
     and ours, is now in the court's hands.
     (2000, October 2) Time, 156(14), 60-62.

Note: The "156" is the volume number, "14" is the issue number, and "60-62" is the page range.

Article with author:

Swibel, M. (2005, June 6). Retire? Not so fast.
     Forbes, 75(12), 100.

Example of In-Text Citation:

(Meet the Napster, 2000, October 2)

(Swibel, 2005, June 6)

Examples of Works Cited Entries:

Unsigned Article:

"Meet the Napster: Shawn Fanning was 18 When
     He Wrote the Code that Changed the World. His
     Fate, and Ours, is Now in the Court's Hands."
     Time 2 October 2000: 60-62. Print.

Article with author:

Swibel, Michelle. "Retire? Not So Fast." Forbes
     6 June 2005: 100. Print.

Examples of In-Text Citations:

("Meet the Napster" 61)

(Swibel 100)

Examples of Bibliography Entries:

Unsigned Article:

"Meet the Napster: Shawn Fanning was 18 When
     He Wrote the Code that Changed the World. His
     Fate, and Ours, is Now in the Court's Hands."
     Time, 2 October 2000,  60-62.

Article with author:

Swibel, Michelle. "Retire? Not So Fast." Forbes,
     6 June 2005, 100.

Examples of Notes:

     "Meet the Napster: Shawn Fanning was 18 When
He Wrote the Code that Changed the World. His
Fate, and Ours, is Now in the Court's Hands,"
Time, 2 October 2000,  60-62.

     Michelle Swibel, "Retire? Not So Fast," Forbes,
6 June 2005, 100.

Example of Reference List Entry:

Brandeis, G. (2003). The Book of dead birds.
     New York: HarperCollins.

Example of In-Text Citation: For examples see In-Text APA Guide

Example of Works Cited Entry:

Brandeis, Gayle. The Book of Dead Birds. New
      York: HarperCollins, 2003. Print.

Example of In-Text Citation: (Brandeis 46) Note: The "46" indicates the page number. For more examples see In-Text MLA Guide.

Example of Bibliography Entry:

Brandeis, Gayle. The Book of Dead Birds.
     New York: HarperCollins, 2003

Example of Note:

     Gayle Brandeis. The Book of Dead Birds
(New York: HarperCollins, 2003), 46.

Note: The "46" indicates the page number.

Example of Reference List Entry:

White, M. & Michaelson, J.J. (2007). Where the hills
     were quiet and shy. Jasonville, MA: Jasonville
     College Press.

Note: If there are more than six authors, include all six and end with "et al" (meaning "and others").

Example of In-Text Citation: (White & Michaelson, 2007)

Example of Works Cited Entry:

Stewart, Jason L. and Stevens, Susan K. Music
     Downloads the Legal Way. Jonesville, MA: Saint
     John's Press, 2006. Print.

Note: If there are more than three authors, name only the first and add "et al" (meaning "and others").

Example of an In Text Citation:

(Stewart & Stevens 176) Note: The "176" indicates the page number.

Example of Bibliography Entry:

Stewart, Jason L. and Susan K. Stevens. Music
     Dowloads the Legal Way. Jonesville, MA: Saint
     John's Press, 2006.

Example of Note:

     Jason L. Stewart and Susan K Stevens. Music
Downloads the Legal Way. (Jonesville, MA: Saint
John's Press, 2006), 234.

Note: the "176" idicates the page number.

Example of Reference List Entry:

Goethals, G.R., Sorenson, G.J., & Burns, J.M. (Eds.).
     (2004). Encyclopedia of Leadership. (Vols. 1-4).
     Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Example of In-Text Citation: For examples see In-Text APA Guide 

MLA does not recommend a format for an entire reference book. Each entry should be cited individully. See below for examples of reference book entries.

Turabian does not recommend including an entire well-known reference work in a bibliography and therefore it does not provide a format.

Example of Reference List Entry:

Erickson, V.L. (2004). Community development.
     In G.R.Goethals, G.J. Sorenson, & J.M. Burns (Eds.),
     Encyclopedia of Leadership (pp.238-244). Thousand
     Oaks, CA: Sage.

Example of In-Text Citation: For examples see In-Text APA Guide 

Examples of a Works Cited Entries:

Mohanty, Jitendra M. "Indian Philosophy." The New
     Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropaedia. 15th ed. 1987. Print.

"Noon." The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989. Print.

Examples of In-Text Citations:

(Mohanty 345) Note: The "345" indicates the page number.

The definition of "noon" should be refered to in-text with a brief description of the source, however an in-text citation is not needed.

Note on Bibliography:

Turabian does not recommend including an entire well-known reference work in a bibliography and therefore it does not provide a format. For lesser known reference books, consider following the format for Article in an Anthology or Compilation.

Example of Note:

Columbia Encyclopedia, 5th ed., s.vv. "cold war."

Notes:

• The edition of a well-known reference work must be included in the note for all but the first edition.
• The "s.vv." stands for "after the words." It is a standard abbreviation that should be used when citing well-known encyclopedias and dictionaries. The singular is "s.v." for "after the word."

APA citation style is based on Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th edition, 2001. For addition information please refer to this publication. A copy is on reserve at the main desk in Conant Library.

There are several important reasons to cite sources including 1) to attribute ideas and information from other sources, and 2) to help the reader easily locate the original source of ideas and information.

In citing sources it is vital to include both a Reference List at the end of a paper and citations within the text of the paper (i.e. in-text citations). All items in the Reference List must be cited within the paper and all items cited in the text must be in the Reference List.

• All text should be double spaced.
• Authors' names should be inverted (last name first), and names should consist of last name and initials.
• Capitalize only the first word of the an article title and subtitle, as well as proper nouns.
• Journal titles should not be abbreviated.
• The Reference List should be placed at the end of the paper.
• All items in the Reference List should be double spaced within and between entries.
• All items should be alphabetized according to the last name of the first author.
• Sources without authors should be alphabetized within the Reference List according to the first word of the article title.